The Republican Opposition to Mormon Polygamy: A Historical Analysis
During the mid-1800s, the United States faced intense debates on issues such as slavery, sexual morality, and religion. The Republican Party played a significant role in opposing Mormon polygamy, reflecting their strong anti-slavery stance and Victorian moral values.
1. Victorian Morality: A Foundation for Republican Ideals
Victorian ideals heavily influenced the Republican Party's stance on polygamy. During this period, there was widespread concern over 'sexuality immorality,' which led to stringent social codes based on Queen Victoria's conduct and behavior. It was deemed appropriate for one man to be married to one woman, with any other variations considered deviant and uncivilized.
The Republican Party, like other conservative factions, viewed polygamy as an immoral practice associated with Africa and slavery. They argued that it was irresponsible and linked to suffering, thereby promoting monogamy as the only respectable and moral choice. This view aligned with their support for the working class, as they believed that men could not support more than one wife responsibly.
2. Political Strategies and Religious Revivals
By the end of the 1800s, the Democratic Party, which was traditionally pro-slavery, sought new voters. The Republican Party, which was firmly against polygamy, did not want Utah to become a state to prevent the addition of two new Senators aligned with them. This reflects the strategic interests of political parties during this period.
During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln prioritized other matters, including containing the spread of Mormon polygamy. His response to the public outcry was to 'plow around' the issue, indicating a temporary priority on more pressing concerns. Post-war, President Grant focused on Reconstruction and Civil Rights, further pushing the issue to the back burner.
3. Opposition to Mormon Pioneers and Foreign Immigrants
Republicans viewed the Mormons with suspicion, considering them 'un-American.' The practice of polygamy was a major concern, but so were the large numbers of foreign immigrants converting to Mormonism, primarily from Britain and Northern Europe. The Church's emphasis on prophets and adherence to their teachings also posed a challenge to Republican values.
Initially, Republicans hoped that non-Mormons would outnumber Mormons, using the Transcontinental Railroad and mineral discoveries to attract potential settlers. However, this strategy proved ineffective, leading Congress to pass increasingly strict anti-polygamy laws. The Supreme Court's rulings further ignited the legislators' determination to pass laws disestablishing the Church and confiscating its properties.
4. The End of Polygamy and Statehood
By 1890, Wilford Woodruff issued a statement ceasing the practice of plural marriage, allowing the Church to receive back confiscated properties and re-establish civil rights for members. This loophole removed the obstacle to Utah's statehood, fulfilling the political goals of the Republican Party.
However, the legacy of polygamy among the Mormons continued to influence their voting behavior. After statehood, the Republican Party saw a decrease in Mormon voting support due to the historical perceptions and religious beliefs.
Conclusion
The Republican Party's opposition to Mormon polygamy was deeply rooted in Victorian moral values and a strategic political maneuver. Despite evolving social norms and changing demographics, the entrenched anti-polygamy stance remained a defining characteristic of the Republican Party's identity, reflecting their broader values and historical context.
Keywords: Republican Party, Polygamy, Mormon History