The History and Controversy of 'Under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance
The Pledge of Allegiance, a memorable and familiar patriotic phrase in the United States, has undergone changes over the years. One significant alteration to the original poem is the addition of the words 'Under God'. This article explores the historical context behind this change, its significance, and the ongoing debates surrounding it.
Original Pledge vs. Current Pledge
The Pledge of Allegiance has evolved from a simple pledge to a more complex affirmation. Drafted by Francis Bellamy in 1892 for The Youth's Companion, the original pledge read: 'I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one Nation, indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.' It was later streamlined and slightly altered in 1954 to include the words 'Under God'. Today, the full pledge reads:
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all.
The Addition of 'Under God'
The words 'Under God' were awkwardly inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954. This change did not come overnight but was the result of concerted efforts by various individuals and organizations.
The Political Context: Counteracting Communism
The primary driver behind this change was the political climate of the 1950s and the fear of communism spreading throughout the United States. During this era, commonly known as the 'Red Scare', there was a heightened awareness of potential subversive activities by communists. This period marked a significant push to affirm American values and differentiate the United States from the perceived atheistic political ideologies prevalent in the Soviet Union and other countries under communist rule.
Congressional Approval
The addition of 'Under God' was pushed by various religious and political groups, but the final decision rested with Congress. On June 14, 1954, a joint session of Congress approved the addition of these words to the Pledge, symbolizing a commitment to preserving the nation's moral values.
Controversy and Debates
The inclusion of 'Under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance has always been a contentious issue. Critics argue that these words promote a particular religious belief, potentially discriminating against those who do not share this faith. Additionally, some believe that the inclusion of 'Under God' goes against the principles of separation of church and state as espoused by the U.S. Constitution.
Legal Challenges
Multiples court cases have been brought regarding the constitutionality of the phrase 'Under God'. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court heard a case involving a school district in Pennsylvania. In its ruling, the Court stated that the phrase was a permissible acknowledgment of religion, upholding its place in the Pledge. However, this decision did not fully resolve the controversy, and disputes continue to emerge.
Public Opinion and Education
Public opinion on the inclusion of 'Under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance varies widely. Some argue that it reinforces a sense of national identity and unity, while others believe it supports a particular religious ideology that should be kept separate from government and educational institutions.
Conclusion
The addition of 'Under God' to the Pledge of Allegiance remains a significant chapter in American history, reflecting the complex interplay between religious beliefs, politics, and national identity. Whether one views this addition as a necessary evil or a meaningful affirmation, it continues to spark debate and is a focal point of American cultural and political discourse.