Introduction

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence, marking the colonies' formal declaration of independence from Great Britain. This pivotal document outlines the political foundations upon which the United States was built and has served as a cornerstone of American identity and values for over two centuries. This article delves into the importance of the Declaration of Independence, its practical and theoretical aspects, and its universal principles that continue to resonate today.

Understanding the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is not just a historical document but a pivotal statement of political philosophy and practical governance. It was drafted by the representatives of the 13 American colonies, who aimed to establish an independent nation free from British rule. The document articulated the reasons for the colonies' rebellion and their commitment to the principles of liberty and equality.

The Practical Politics and Theoretical Philosophy of the Declaration

According to G.K. Chesterton, the great British essayist and lecturer, the Declaration of American Independence is a profound piece of writing that combines practical politics with theoretical philosophy and even great literature. Chesterton highlighted the beauty and precision of the language used in the document, particularly in the edits made by Benjamin Franklin, such as striking out “sacred and undeniable” with “self-evident.”

The Declaration's opening lines succinctly state the colonies' intent to declare their independence, using phrases like “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal” and “governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.” These statements echo the practical need to declare independence while articulating universal principles that apply to all human beings.

The Practical and Abstract Nature of the Declaration

The Declaration is both a practical political document and an abstract philosophical statement. In practical terms, it demands that the colonies assert their independence and form their own government. From an abstract perspective, it enunciates universal truths—that all humans are created equal and possess inalienable rights. These principles are logically linked to practical actions, forming a powerful and interwoven argument for independence and self-determination.

The American Creed and Universal Principles

The American creed, as outlined in the Declaration, can be summarized as the belief in universal truths: that all individuals are created equal and are endowed with certain inalienable rights. This creed is universal, applicable to every human being, regardless of race, gender, or social status. As Barbara Jordan noted, “our Founding Principle is universal: we are all created equal.”

The Controversies and Perfection in Imperfection

The Declaration is often criticized for its imperfections, such as the inclusion of slavery and the contradiction between the principles of liberty and the practice of owning slaves. However, as Chesterton pointed out, the abstract nature of the Declaration serves its practical purpose. The Founding Fathers recognized the need to get their colleagues to agree, and the passages related to slavery were removed.

The final passage of the Declaration stands as a triumph of human spirit and universal principles. It evoked something higher and broader, ultimately leading to the independence of a particular people while also making a universal statement. As Robert Browning observed, “our reach must exceed our grasp,” and the Declaration did just that by transcending its initial impetus.

Conclusion and Relevance Today

The Declaration of Independence remains a vital document, transcending its historical context to serve as a source of inspiration and a guide for contemporary issues. Its principles of self-determination, equality, and universal rights continue to influence global politics and society.

Keywords: Declaration of Independence, American Creed, Universal Principles