Philosopher vs. Philosophist: Exploring the Vagaries of Philosophy
The terms 'philosopher' and 'philosophist' are often used interchangeably in casual conversations, but there is a nuanced difference that separates the two. While both engage in the exploration of profound ideas, the philosopher is a serious practitioner of philosophy, while a philosophist often resorts to superficial or inauthentic philosophy.
The Serious Philosopher
A philosopher is someone deeply engaged in the study of philosophy. This involves the exploration and questioning of fundamental aspects of existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophers engage in rigorous critical thinking and logical analysis, and they develop and refine their theories and ideas.
Noteable philosophers include figures like Socrates, Plato, Immanuel Kant, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Their contributions have significantly shaped modern thought and continue to influence various fields such as ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, and political theory.
The Pejorative Philosophist
In contrast, the philosophist is a term often used pejoratively to describe someone who gives the appearance of engaging in philosophy without a genuine insight or understanding. A philosophist may use philosophical jargon and concepts without the depth of knowledge that a philosopher possesses. Essentially, they pretend to engage in profound intellectual discussions without any real substance.
Analysis of the Sophist
It is also important to examine the term 'sophist' and whether there is a vast difference between a sophist and a philosopher. The sophists were tutors, consultants, lecturers, stage entertainers, and philosophers in various capacities. The term 'sophist' originally referred to any wise or sage, but by the middle of the 5th century, it specifically denoted individuals who taught for money, particularly in areas like rhetoric, political skills, and moral and legal discourse.
Rise of Athens as an Empire
The rise of Athens as an empire during this period is significant. What had started as a loose alliance of Greek states against Persia evolved into a powerful empire led by the Athenian commander-in-chief, Pericles. This transformation led to an influx of wealth, with tributes from member states funding grand projects like the Parthenon, a testament to the city's glory.
In a well-known speech, Pericles boasted about the achievements of Athens: 'Mighty indeed are the marks and monuments of our empire which we have left. Future ages will wonder at us as the present age wonders at us now.' This reflects the sense of pride and accomplishment that characterized the Athenian society during this period.
Plato's Dialogues and the Sophist
One of the best-known dialogues by Plato, 'Protagoras', provides a perfect illustration of the sophist. In this dialogue, Socrates interacts with the sophist Protagoras, questioning his claimed expertise in teaching. Protagoras asserts that he teaches effective management of personal and state affairs, aiming to produce good citizens. This description fits the definition of a sophist who aims to provide practical wisdom and rhetorical skills.
Conclusion
While there is a substantial difference between a philosopher and a philosophist, the sophist occupies a middle ground that blurs these distinctions. The sophist can be seen as a precursor or a less serious form of the philosopher, engaging in philosophical discourse with more practical or performative motives than genuine scholarly inquiry. Understanding these differences is key to appreciating the rich tapestry of philosophical inquiry throughout history.